Proxy Response Heterogeneity to the Indian Monsoon During Last Millennium in the Himalayan Region

We reviewed the available climate records for past 2 millennia based on analyzed sediment and speleothem archives from different regions of South Asia. Speleothem core-monsoon Indian sub-continent have revealed Little Ice Age (LIA) as a climatically dry phase, whereas same western central Himalaya recorded LIA wet. Moreover, sediment-derived vegetation proxy [pollen-spores stable organic carbon isotope (δ 13 C org )] also reported phase. Heterogeneous results by proxies during enhanced our interest to understand response toward primary precipitation sources, summer monsoon (ISM) winter westerly disturbances (WDs), over Himalaya. emphasize that in Himalayan region, predominantly responds ISM dynamics, captures WD effect.